Dynamic management of data with context-based processing

ABSTRACT

Techniques for using contextual information to manage data that is subject to one or more data-handling requirements are described herein. In many instances, the techniques capture or depend upon the contextual information surrounding the creation and/or subsequent actions associated with the data. The contextual information may be updated as the data is handled in various manners. The contextual information may be used to identify data-handling requirements that are applicable to the data, such as regulations, standards, internal policies, business decisions, privacy obligations, security requirements, and so on. The techniques may analyze the contextual information at any time to provide responses regarding handling of the data to requests from requestors, such as administrators, applications, and others.

BACKGROUND

In current electronic systems, data is increasingly being created,collected, and used for a variety of purposes. For example, individualscreate and distribute images on their electronic devices, applicationsand operating systems access or capture personal information, serviceproviders access, capture, and deliver consumer data to electronicdevices, and so on. In many instances, parties and entities handling thedata are required to comply with various policies, such as laws,regulations, technical or industry standards, business and contractualobligations, use or data subject-specific privacy or securityobligations, and so on. In order to honor these policies,administrators, legal teams, entities developing apps, services, andother parties make data-handling decisions. These parties often makedecisions based on relatively little information about the data.Further, the parties spend considerable time trying to interpret amultitude of policies. These difficulties often lead to inconsistentdecisions regarding how the data can be used. In addition, in manyinstances inconsistent or incorrect decisions are made that do notcomply with applicable policies or that overly restrict the use of thedata.

SUMMARY

The techniques and constructs discussed herein are directed todetermining and/or using contextual information to manage data that issubject to one or more data-handling requirements. In many instances,the techniques determine contextual information regarding handling ofdata and associate the contextual information with the data. Thecontextual information may provide information about the data and/orparties involved with the data to identify data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to the data. For example, the contextual informationmay include function data indicating an action or a type of action forwhich the data was acquired; and/or authority data indicating at leastone of a jurisdiction that is applicable to the data, a law that isapplicable to the data, a regulation that is applicable to the data, arule that is applicable to the data, a standard that is applicable tothe data, and/or an industry practice or procedure that is applicable tothe data. Additionally, or alternatively, the contextual information mayinclude control data indicating a control on the data that is set for adevice, a control on the data that is set by or on behalf of the deviceowner or primary account holder, a control on the data that is set by anentity, a control regarding a data-handling requirement for the data, acontrol regarding security or privacy of the data, a control regardingconsent for the data, a choice mechanism control regarding a manner ofobtaining the consent, and/or a choice control regarding a right toobject to use of the data; and/or class data indicating a class for theauthority data, a class for a data subject to which the data is linked,a class regarding whether or not the data is sanitized or aggregated,and/or a class for a technology that was used to acquire the data.Further, the contextual data may include history data indicating actionsthat the data has been involved with, who initiated the actions, how thedata was acquired, how the data has changed overtime, and so on.

The contextual information may be used to provide guidance regardinghandling of the data. For example, in response to a request for how thedata can be handled (e.g., used), the contextual information may beanalyzed (along with one or more data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request) to determine a response regardingdata-handling of the data. The response may indicate, for instance,whether or not a particular action or type of action can be performedwith the data in view of the one or more data-handling requirements thatare applicable to the request, what must happen in order to perform aparticular action or type of action with the data, what action(s) ortype of action(s) that can be performed with the data, what data isqualified to perform an action or type of action, a history of actionstaken with the data and/or the data-handling requirements applied, andso on. The response may be provided to a requestor that sent therequest.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essentialfeatures of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used asan aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The term“techniques,” for instance, can refer to system(s), method(s),computer-readable instructions, module(s), algorithms, hardware logic,and/or operation(s) as permitted by the context described above andthroughout the document.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Thesame reference numbers in different figures indicate similar oridentical items.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture in which techniques describedherein may be implemented.

FIG. 2 illustrates details of the example service provider of FIG.1.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process to determine contextualinformation regarding data-handling of data and to associate thecontextual information with the data.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process to respond to a request forinformation regarding data-handling of data.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure is directed to techniques for determining and/or usingcontextual information to manage data that is subject to one or moredata-handling requirements. In many instances, the techniques capturecontextual information surrounding acquisition of the data, associatethe contextual information with the data, and update the contextualinformation as the data is handled throughout its life. The contextualinformation provides relevant information about the data and/or partiesinvolved to identify data-handling requirements that are applicable,such as jurisdiction, regulations, standards, internal policies,business decisions, privacy obligations, security requirements, and soon. The techniques may analyze the contextual information at any time toprovide consistent and/or accurate guidance regarding data-handling ofthe data. This may ensure that data-handling of the data maintainscompliance with applicable data-handling requirements (e.g., policyobligations). Data-handling may include storing, manipulating, sharing(e.g., making publicly available, making available to a party, etc.),publishing, analyzing, archiving, marketing, targeting, selling,transforming, or any other use. In many instances, the techniquesprovide real-time responses regarding data-handling of the data torequests from entities, such as administrators, applications, andothers.

In some examples, the techniques are implemented by a service providerthat communicates with data sources associated with entities. A datasource may acquire (e.g., obtain, collect, etc.) data as an operation isperformed by or for a data subject. A “data subject” may refer to anindividual that an entity acquires data from or about. While an “entity”may refer to a company, organization, individual, or another party. Inany event, a data source may acquire data and provide the data to theservice provider to associate contextual information with the dataand/or perform other processing. In one example, an application mayacquire (e.g., collect, capture, etc.) video data as two individuals(data subjects) video conference over a network. This video data may bestored (at least temporarily) in a server that is operated by an entitythat is associated with the application. In this example, the entity maybe a company that operates the video conferencing service. After orduring acquisition, the video data may be provided to the serviceprovider to associate contextual information with the video data. Thevideo data and/or contextual information may then be maintained by theservice provider and/or the entity associated with the application. Inanother example, an operating system on a mobile device may acquire acontact list of phone numbers and store the contact list at a serverthat is operated by an entity that is associated with the operatingsystem. After or during acquisition, the contact list may be provided tothe service provider for initial processing (e.g., associate the contactlist with contextual information). The contact list and/or contextualinformation may then be maintained by the service provider and/or theentity associated with the operating system. In these examples, theapplicable data-handling requirements (e.g., compliance obligations) forthe entities and/or the service provider (and/or any other partiesinvolved with handling the data) may vary depending on various factors,such as who the data is about, who initiated acquisition of the data(e.g., data subject-initiated (actively) or entity-initiated(passively)), a relationship of the data subject to the entity, how thedata was acquired (e.g., a technology used), a necessity of interactionsand data acquired (e.g., was it necessary to collect the entire contactlist) to fulfill the consumer's request (e.g., to perform a service forthe customer), and so on.

In any event, the service provider may generate contextual informationregarding acquisition and/or data-handling of data. The contextualinformation may be based on one or more data-handling requirements thatare applicable to the data, entities involved with acquiring the data, atechnology used to acquire the data, and so on. The contextualinformation may include various types of information, such as functiondata, authority data, control data, class data, history data, and so on.In returning to the example above where video data is acquired as twoindividuals video conference over a network, function data may indicatethat the video data is acquired for Internal Operations (IOP) to fulfillthe video conferencing service. Further, authority data may indicatethat the regulations/laws/rules/etc. set forth by the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) are applicable to the video data. Inaddition, control data may indicate that the video conferencing data isexempt from control limitations, since the video data is acquired forIOP and a choice mechanism was not provided for acquisition.Additionally, class data may indicate that the video data is CustomerProprietary Network Information (CPNI) within the protected personalinformation class. Moreover, history data may indicate how the videodata was acquired (e.g., a technology used to acquire the video data).

The service provider may then associate the data with the contextualinformation. In some instances, this includes tagging the data with thecontextual information (e.g., creating a new metadata field for thedata, updating an existing metadata field for the data, etc.). In otherinstances, the contextual information and the data are maintainedseparately and the data merely includes an indication as to where thecontextual information is stored. The contextual information and/or thedata may be stored by the service provider, an entity associated withthe data, and/or another party.

The contextual information may generally be maintained throughout thelife of the data. This may include updating the contextual informationas the data is handled in various manners. For example, if data is usedfor targeted advertising and the data is transformed into a sanitizedform to do so (e.g., by removing personal information, such as names,telephone numbers, etc.), contextual information for the data may beupdated to reflect performance of such actions. This may includeupdating function data, authority data, control data, class data, and/orhistory data. To illustrate, the history data may be updated to reflectthat the data has been used for targeted advertising and that the datahas been transformed into a sanitized form. This may provide a record ofhow the data has been used, changed, and so on.

In some instances, the service provider may use contextual informationto respond to data-handling requests regarding data-handling of thedata. A requestor (e.g., internal business area, call from anapplication or service, machine to machine (M2M), etc.) may send arequest to the service provider requesting information on how the datacan be used, what needs to occur to use the data for a particularpurpose, what data-handling requirements apply to the data, what shouldbe done to address a recent use of the data, or any other question. Theservice provider may analyze the contextual information and one or moredata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request todetermine a response. In some instances, the service provider maydetermine an entity that has or will initiate a particular action ortype of action indicated in the request. The service provider may thensend the response to the requestor, such as over a network. The responsemay provide guidance on handling the data while still complying withdata-handling requirements that are applicable to the data or therequest. If the data is handled in a manner specified in the request,the service provider may update the contextual information to reflectthe handling of the data.

The techniques discussed herein may be useful in a variety of contextsand provide a variety of advantages. For example, the techniques mayprovide real-time guidance on data-handling to ensure compliance withdata-handling requirements (e.g., policies) that are applicable to data.Further, the techniques may provide consistent and/or accurate guidanceas the data is used, transformed, or otherwise handled through its life.For example, data that was used for one purpose may be used for anotherpurpose that is subject to different data-handling requirements.Moreover, the techniques may consider a multitude of data-handlingrequirements (e.g., hundreds or thousands of policies from differentorigins) that are constantly changing. Additionally, or alternatively,the techniques may be used for data collaboratives where entities (e.g.,individuals, organizations, businesses, etc.) share data to accomplish acommon goal.

Although many instances discuss the techniques in the context of aservice provider, the techniques may be implemented in other contexts.In one example, a computing device (e.g., client device, another serviceprovider, etc.) may perform initial processing to generate and/orassociate contextual information with data as the data is acquired(e.g., captured). Here, the service provider may receive the data and/orcontextual information (or receive access to the data and/or contextualinformation) to respond to various requests regarding data-handling ofthe data. As the data is handled in different manners, the computingdevice and/or service provider may update the contextual information. Inyet other examples, a client device may perform the response processingto respond to various requests regarding data-handling.

Example Architecture

FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture 100 in which techniquesdescribed herein may be implemented. The architecture 100 includes aservice provider 102 configured to communicate with a data source 104and/or a requestor 106 to manage data that is subject to one or moredata-handling requirements. For instances, the service provider 102 maycreate contextual information regarding data-handling, update contextualinformation as data is handled (e.g., used/changed), update contextualinformation as data-handling requirements change, and/or perform avariety of other operations. Data-handling may include accessing,storing, manipulating, sharing (e.g., making publicly available, makingavailable to a party, etc.), publishing, analyzing, archiving,marketing, targeting, selling, destroying, transforming, or any otheruse. The service provider 102, the data source 104, and/or the requestor106 may communicate via one or more networks 108. The one or morenetworks 108 may include any one or combination of multiple differenttypes of networks, such as cellular networks, wireless networks, LocalArea Networks (LANs), Wide Area Networks (WANs), Personal Area Networks(PANs), and the Internet.

In the example of FIG. 1, the data source 104 may acquire data 110. Thedata source 104 may include any type of computing device that isconfigured to acquire data, such as a service provider, a data store, ora computing device (as illustrated in FIG. 1). Data acquisition mayinclude obtaining data, collecting data, capturing data, storing data(even if stored temporarily), creating data, and so on. As one example,an application running on a client device may store an image that a datasubject took though a camera on the client device. As another example, aservice may collect error data regarding a crash of an application on aclient device.

The service provider 102 may be implemented as one or more computingdevices, such as one or more desktop computers, laptop computers,servers, and the like. The one or more computing devices may beconfigured in a cluster, data center, cloud computing environment, or acombination thereof. In one example, the one or more computing devicesprovide cloud computing resources, including computational resources,network resources, storage resources, and the like, that operateremotely to the data source 104 and/or the requestor 106. To illustrate,the service provider 102 may implement a cloud computingplatform/infrastructure for building, deploying, and/or managingapplications and/or services.

The service provider 102 may receive the data 110 from the data source104 to perform initially processing to determine (or generate)contextual information 112 for the data 110. The data 110 may be sent tothe service provider 102 as the data 110 is being acquired, shortlyafter the data 110 is acquired, well after the data 110 is acquired, orany other time. Such initial processing may be based on one or moredata-handling requirements (stored in a data-handling requirements datastore 114) that are applicable to the data 110. The contextualinformation 112 may include function data, authority data, control data,class data, and/or history data (as illustrated in FIG. 1). Thecontextual information 112 may then be associated with the data 110through tagging or other methods. The data 110 and/or the contextualinformation 112 may be stored together or separately at the data source104, the service provider 102, or elsewhere. In one example, the data110 and/or the contextual information 112 are sent back to the datasource 104 for storage. In another example, the data 110 and/or thecontextual information 112 are maintained at the service provider 102.Further details regarding contextual information will be discussed belowin reference to FIG. 2.

The service provider 102 may additionally, or alternatively, performprocessing (e.g., response processing) to provide guidance regardingdata-handling of the data 110. In some instances, data-handling mayrefer to a time when a decision is being made regarding handling ofdata. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the requestor 106 may send a request 116via the one or more networks 108 to the service provider 102 forinformation about data-handling of the data 110. In some instances, therequest 116 is provided by a user 118 (e.g., data subject, otherindividual, etc.) associated with the requestor 106, while in otherinstances the request 116 is provided by an application, process,service, User Interface (UI), Application Programming Interface (API),Operating System (OS), component of OS, middleware, data subject, orother entity/component. In one example, the request 116 may be a what-ifrequest regarding a hypothetical use of the data 110 (e.g., “Can thedata 110 could be used for marketing?”). In another example, the request116 may seek information regarding a previous use of the data 110 (e.g.,“Were we allowed to use the data 110 for marketing?”). In yet anotherexample, the request 116 may seek information regarding data-handlingrequirements that apply to the data 110 (e.g., “What policies apply ifwe were to use the data 110 for marketing?”). In other examples, othertypes of information may be requested. In any event, the serviceprovider 102 may analyze the data 110, the contextual information 112,and/or one or more data-handling requirements that are applicable to therequest 116 to determine (or generate) a response 120. Further detailsof the response processing will be discussed below in reference to FIG.2.

The service provider 102 may then send the response 120 to the requestor106 via the one or more networks 108. The response 120 may provideguidance on how the data 110 can be handled, tasks to be performed toenable handling of the data 110, data-handling requirements that applyto the data 110, and so on. In some instances, such as when a firstparty or third party entity provides the request 116, a user interface122 is provided with the response 120. In the example of FIG. 1, therequestor 106 has asked if data collected from a video conferencingservice can be used for marketing purposes. Here, the user interface 122advices the requestor 106 that “You can use the video conferencing datafor marketing, but it must be sanitized first. See the FCC regulationsfor more information.” Although in other examples the response 120 maynot be provided through a user interface and/or to a requestor. Forinstance, the response 120 may be used by an application or softwarecomponent to perform additional processing (e.g., the application orsoftware component may be using data to market a product, and check withthe service provider 102 to see if such purpose is allowed).

The data source 104 and/or the requestor 106 may comprise any type ofcomputing device, such as a laptop computer, a desktop computer, aserver, a smart phone, an electronic reader device, a mobile handset, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a portable navigation device, aportable gaming device, a video game console, a tablet computer, awatch, a portable media player, a wearable computing device (e.g., awatch, an optical head-mounted display (OHMD), etc.), a pair ofhead-mounted smart glasses (e.g., mixed reality head-mounted smartglasses), a motion sensing device, a television, a computer monitor ordisplay, a set-top box, a computer system in a vehicle, an appliance, acamera, a robot, a hologram system, a security system, a thermostat, asmoke detector, an intercom, a home media system, a lighting system, aheating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, a homeautomation system, a projector, an automated teller machine (ATM), andso on. In some instances, the computing device may comprise a mobiledevice, while in other instances the computing device may be astationary device.

The data source 104 and/or the requestor 106 may each be equipped withone or more processors, memory, one or more interfaces (e.g., acommunication interface(s) (network interface(s)), an input/outputinterface(s), etc.), one or more displays, one or more sensors, etc. Theone or more processors may include a central processing unit (CPU),graphics processing unit (GPU), a microprocessor, and so on. The one ormore displays may include a Liquid-crystal Display (LCD), aLight-emitting Diode (LED) display, an organic LED display, a plasmadisplay, an electronic paper display or any other type of technology.The one or more sensors may include a proximity sensor that detects aproximity of objects to the device, an infrared (IR)/thermal sensor, aWi-Fi® sensor, a Bluetooth® sensor, a camera, a microphone, anaccelerometer, a compass, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a GlobalPositioning System (GPS), a depth sensor, an olfactory sensor (e.g., forsmell), or other sensor. The data source 104 and/or the requestor 106may be associated with an input/output device, such as a keyboard,mouse, trackpad, monitor, speaker, printer, and so on.

Although the data source 104 and the requestor 106 are illustrated asdifferent computing devices in the example architecture 100, in someexamples the computing devices are the same. For instance, a samecomputing device may acquire (e.g., capture) data and requestinformation from the service provider 102 regarding handling of thedata.

Example Device

FIG. 2 illustrates details of the example service provider 102 of FIG.1.For ease of illustration, many techniques will be discussed in thecontext of the example architecture 100 of FIG. 1. However, suchtechniques may be implemented in other architectures. As noted above,the service provider 102 may be implemented by one or more computingdevices. The one or more computing devices may be equipped with one ormore processors 202, memory 204, and/or one or more interfaces 206(e.g., a communication interface(s) (network interface(s)), aninput/output interface(s), etc.). The one or more processors 202 mayinclude a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU),a microprocessor, and so on. The one or more interfaces 206 may receiveand/or send information (e.g., data from a data source, contextualinformation, a request, a response, etc.) over a network. The one ormore processors 202, the memory 204, and/or the one or more interfaces206 may be communicatively coupled to each other.

The memory 202 (as well as all other memory described herein) mayinclude one or a combination of computer-readable media.Computer-readable media may include computer storage media and/orcommunication media. Computer storage media includes volatile andnon-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in anymethod or technology for storage of information, such as computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data.Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, phase changememory (PRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), dynamic random-accessmemory (DRAM), other types of random-access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact diskread-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) or otheroptical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmissionmedium that can be used to store information for access by a computingdevice.

In contrast, communication media may embody computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in amodulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transmissionmechanism. As defined herein, computer storage media (also referred toas “computer-readable storage media”) does not include communicationmedia.

The memory 204 may include one or more modules to implement particularoperations. A module may represent software functionality. Further, theterm “module” represents example divisions of software for purposes ofdiscussion, and is not intended to represent any type of requirement orrequired method, manner or organization. Accordingly, while various“modules” are discussed herein, their functionality and/or similarfunctionality could be arranged differently (e.g., combined into a fewernumber of modules, broken into a larger number of modules, etc.). Whilecertain functions and modules are described herein as being implementedby modules executable by one or more processors, any or all of themodules may be implemented in whole or in part by one or more hardwarelogic components to execute the described functions. For example, andwithout limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components thatcan be used include Field-programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs),Application-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application-specificStandard Products (ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems (SOCs), ComplexProgrammable Logic Devices (CPLDs), etc. As illustrated, the memoryincludes a context generation module 208, a response processing module210, a transformation module 212, and a policy/rule module 214.

The context generation module 208 may receive data to be associated withcontextual information. For example, data may be received from the datasource 104, retrieved from a data data store 216, and so on. As usedherein, “data” may refer to any type of data including personal data(e.g., images or video taken by a data subject, telephone numbers,social security numbers, mailing addresses, email addresses, profileinformation, account information (e.g., data subject's name, password,etc.), posts to a social networking site, purchase history, contactlists, demographic information, etc.), business data (e.g., salesrecords, employee lists, etc.), content items (e.g., images, videos,audio, articles, electronic books, etc.), application data regardingexecution of an application, location data (e.g., geolocation data for amobile device), usage data (e.g., number of calls made, number ofmessages sent, data used, etc.), network traffic data (e.g., networkrouting information, etc.), metadata, error data (e.g., performance andreliability data, network connection quality, error logs, etc.), and soon.

In some instances, data may be linked or linkable to a data subject. Forexample, the data may include information that identifies a data subject(e.g., a name of the data subject), data that is acquired due to actionstaken by a data subject (e.g., an email address acquired when anindividual sends an email, network traffic data acquired to send anemail, etc.), or data that is otherwise associated with a data subject(e.g., associated with a device that is linked to a data subject).Additionally, or alternatively, data may be associated with an entity.For example, a manufacturer of a mobile device may embed software on amobile device to log error data, camera data, location data, etc. Asanother example, a telecommunications carrier (e.g., AT&T®, Verizon®,etc.) may acquire voice data, text data, network traffic data, etc. Asyet another example, a developer of an application may collect datarelated to use of the application. As a further example, a company thatoperates an online site may acquire data about an individual, such asitems the individual has purchased or viewed, account information, etc.

The context generation module 208 may determine (or generate) contextualinformation regarding data and interactions. Contextual information maybe used by the response processing module 210 (or other components) toprovide commands and/or guidance on how data can be handled whilecomplying with a data-handling requirement that is applicable to thedata. To determine (or generate) contextual information, the contextgeneration module 208 may determine an entity that acquired the data,such as a company, organization, individual, or other party that isinvolved in collecting the data. Further, the context generation module208 may determine how the data was acquired, such as datasubject-initiated (actively) or entity-initiated (passively). Datasubject-initiated (actively) may include a data subject providing someinput to perform an action, such as sending an email, downloading anitem, editing a photo, etc. While entity-initiated actions may beperformed without knowledge or input by a data subject (e.g.,passively), such as a company monitoring network traffic to/from anInternet Service Provider (ISP), a company monitoring location data of amobile device, an API collecting data, etc. Moreover, the contextgeneration module 208 may determine a technology that was used toacquire data, such as browser-based cookie tracking, mobile ornon-browser-based tracking technology, Voice Over IP (VOIP), embeddedsoftware interaction (e.g., carrier-controlled on a mobile device),online, a preloaded or data subject-installed application,location-based services (e.g., precise or non-precise), and so on.Additionally, the context generation module 208 may determine a choicemechanism requirement for the data subject to express or modify aprevious consent choice. A choice mechanism may also indicate a mannerwhich consent was obtained from a data subject to collect data from thedata subject. For example, a choice mechanism may indicate that a pop-upwindow was presented with a check-box to select whether or not anapplication is allowed to collect location data from the data subjectwhile using the application. Furthermore, the context generation module208 may determine a choice control indicating a right-to-object oropt-out of collecting data. A right-to-object or opt-out of collectingdata may refer to a data subject's expression of not receiving content.For example, a data subject may have a certain time period to opt-out orexpress an objection to using data associated with a data subject toprovide advertisements.

The context generation module 208 may use the information determinedabove (e.g., an entity that acquired the data, how the data wasacquired, a technology used, a choice mechanism, and/or a choicecontrol) and/or rule logic stored in a rule logic data store 218 todetermine (or generate) contextual information for data. The rule logicmay define what data-handling requirements (from a data-handlingrequirements data store 220) apply to the data, as discussed furtherbelow. In some instances, the context generation module 208 may operatein cooperation with the rule logic module 214, which may access and/orevaluate rule logic. The data-handling requirements data store 220 maybe the same as the data-handling requirements data store 114 of FIG. 1.The context generation module 208 may associate contextual informationwith data and/or store the contextual information and/or data togetheror separately. For example, contextual information may be stored in acontextual information data store 222. The contextual generation module208 may additionally, or alternatively, update contextual information asevents occur. For example, when data is used for a purpose (e.g., anaction is performed on the data), the associated contextual informationmay be updated. In another example, when data is transformed from oneform to another (e.g., sanitized), the associated contextual informationmay be updated to reflect the new form. As illustrated, contextualinformation may include, for example:

-   -   Function data 224 indicating an action or a type of action for        which data was acquired. Example actions or types of actions        include Commercial Data Practices (CDP)—actions performed by a        business to generate additional revenue using the company's        customer base and data subjects' information to target        advertising and commercialize third party products or services        (e.g., tracking to amass a behavioral or ad profile, profiling,        targeting, retargeting, etc.); Internal Operations (IOP)—actions        performed internally within an organization to run the        organization (e.g., product/service fulfillment, network        operations, safety actions, security actions, actions to prevent        fraud, first party marketing, etc.); public work actions taken        for the public good—Critical Infrastructure Information/Public        Good actions (e.g., Critical Infrastructure Information (CII)        actions, Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII)        actions (including identify, protect, detect, respond, recover,        etc.), etc.), presidential directives, information sharing        actions for a public organization, particular research actions,        actions under the CII Act, and so on.    -   Authority data 226 indicating a jurisdiction and/or authority        that is applicable to data, a law that is applicable to the        data, a regulation that is applicable to the data, a rule that        is applicable to the data, a standard that is applicable to the        data, and/or an industry practice or procedure that is        applicable to the data. A jurisdiction, authority, law,        regulation, rule, standard, or industry practice or procedure        that is applicable to the data may include a jurisdiction,        authority, law, regulation, rule, standard, or industry practice        or procedure that is applicable to handling of the data. Example        jurisdictions and/or authorities include a country (e.g., the        United States, Canada, France, etc.), a federal government, a        state or state government, a region, a regulatory agency (e.g.,        FTC, FCC), etc. The jurisdiction may govern the handling of        data. Example laws, regulations, and regulatory agency rules        include laws/regulations/rules associated with the Global Data        Protection Regulation (GDPR), laws/regulations/rules associated        with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (e.g., the FTC        framework), laws/regulations/rules associated with the Federal        Communications Commission (FCC) (e.g., Customer Proprietary        Network Information (CPNI) framework), laws/regulations/rules        associated with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (e.g.,        National Security and Critical Infrastructure Information (CII)        framework, PCIIMS framework, etc.), the Children's Online        Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), the Fair Credit Reporting Act        (FCRA), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act        (HIPAA), international laws/regulations/rules,        laws/regulations/rules associated with any country, and so on.        Example standards include technical standards (e.g., standards        defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology        (NIST), standards defined by the International Organization of        Standardization (ISO), etc.), industry standards (e.g., Payment        Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), Data        Authentication Algorithm (DAA), Network Advertising Initiative        (NAI) standards, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles        (GAAP), and so on. Example industry practices or procedures        include privacy practices/procedures to protect private data,        security practices/procedures, antitrust practices/procedures,        and so on. As such, the authority data 226 may set forth a        framework identifying the jurisdictions, laws, regulations,        rules, standards, practices, and/or procedures that are        applicable to data.    -   Control data 228 indicating a control on handling of data.        Example controls include a control on data that is set for a        device (e.g., a control set by a data subject, parent, or the        primary account holder indicating to not use data from a        particular device or for specific purposes (tracking,        advertising, etc.); a control (limit) on spending, time, usage,        media viewing rating, etc. for a particular device; and so on),        a control on data that is set for a data subject (e.g., a        control set by a data subject, parent, or primary account holder        indicating to not expose data to a particular party(ies) or use        data for a particular action or purpose; a control (limit) on        spending, time, usage, media viewing rating, etc. for a        particular party; and so on), a control on data that is set by        an entity (e.g., contractual terms and conditions, etc.), a        control regarding a data-handling requirement for data (e.g., a        PCII delegate control Membership in a Public Collaborative        Information Sharing Organization, etc.), a control regarding        security or privacy of the data (e.g., a control for a security        level associated with data, such as national security; a control        for privacy that is specific to an entity; a control related to        confidentiality; etc.), a control regarding consent for data        (e.g., indicating whether or not consent was obtained to collect        or use data; a type of consent—explicit consent from a data        subject, implicit consent from a data subject to collect or use        data, etc.), a choice mechanism control regarding a manner of        obtaining consent (e.g., what information was provided to a data        subject to obtain consent, a manner of obtaining consent from a        data subject, etc.), a choice control regarding a        right-to-object or opt-in/out of using data (e.g., including a        double opt-in (subscribing and confirming the subscription)),        etc. In some instances, a control regarding security may be        relevant to national security, while a control regarding privacy        may be relevant to personal information.    -   Class data 230 indicating data covered in a protected personal        information class (e.g., related to a data subject or device        associated with the data subject), protected business        information class, protected public or national security        information class (critical infrastructure and for the public        good), de-identified or aggregate data (not linkable to any        individual data subject), data in the public domain (e.g., data        made publicly available by an entity, data subject, or others),        etc. Examples of protected personal information classes include,        Protected Health Information (PHI), Non-Public Personal        Financial Information (NPPI-F), linkable private or personal        information (PPI-L) covered by the Privacy Act and the FTC Act,        personal information from or about a child (PPI-C), protected        telecommunications information (Customer Proprietary Network        Information (CPNI) etc.), information subject to a protection        authority (e.g., the authority for which data is subject can be        based on one or more of the following: residency or where an        action transpired (European Unity (EU) jurisdiction, State of        California, etc.), type of data subject (data linkable to a        child), topic or subject matter (data related to one's health        condition, non-public financial information, information sought        by identity thieves or specifically covered by law such as Video        Viewing Information protected by the Video Viewing Protection        Act), type of technology used to acquire data (e.g.,        non-aggregate data captured/transmitted over interconnected        Voice Over IP (VOIP) is CPNI governed by FCC, while        communications through other technologies are not CPNI and are        governed by the FTC, and mobile device versus PC), and/or by        linkability of data (e.g., personal data attributes have been        permanently removed from data with no plans or known means to        re-identify (e.g., permanently de-identified, anonymous and        aggregate data etc.))), and so on. In most instances, protected        personal information classes cover linkable personal information        data associated with a data subject, that may include        linkability through a unique identifier associated to the data        subject, such as a social security number, information for the        data subject's device (e.g., device ID, MAC address, or the data        subject's account), etc. Further, in many instances a        distinguishing identifier for Information classes for the Public        Good and Critical Infrastructure Information may be based on the        relationship of the information to national security or public        good. Example information that may be classified for the Public        Good or Critical Infrastructure Information may include data        labeled in the PCII information class (e.g., data handled        according to the standards and requirements adopted in DHS's        protected critical infrastructure information procedures).        Similar provisions (e.g., standards, requirements, etc.) may        apply world-wide for sharing information and processing        collaboration efforts for public health and safety purposes.        Example protected business information classes include        proprietary, competitively sensitive information, confidential,        attorney-client privilege, intellectual property, non-public        internal use only, etc.    -   History data 232 indicating the origin and subsequent actions        that the data has been involved with (e.g., data-handling        actions), who initiated the actions that the data has been        involved with (e.g., entities involved in data-handling        actions), how the data was acquired, how the data has changed        overtime (e.g., how the data has been transformed), etc. Example        history data indicates an origin of data (how the data was        acquired) (e.g., whether the data was acquired passively        (entity-initiated) or actively (data subject-initiated), a        source of acquisition—an entity involved with acquisition of        data, a technology that was used to acquire data, a timestamp        indicating when data was acquired, a log of actions/rules that        applied when the data was acquired and for each subsequent        action that involves the data, etc.), a role of a data source        that acquired or is taking subsequent action involving data or a        role of the service provider 102 (e.g., 1^(st) party, operator,        service provider, carrier, 3^(rd) party, data aggregator,        records management (retention, hold, expiry, etc.)), special        handling of data (e.g., triggers, transformations, C&Os, etc.),        configuration information of a device associated to the action        (that acquired the data, accessed or transmitted data) involving        the data (e.g., Operating System (OS) version, Original        Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), product/service version, etc.),        transformation of the data (e.g., what type of transform        occurred—from telemetry to profile data, etc.), and so on. Any        of the pieces of the history data 232 may be associated with a        timestamp indicating when an event/action occurred. In some        instances, the history data 232 may allow changes that occur to        data and/or handling of the data to be tracked to ensure        compliance with data-handling requirements throughout the life        of the data (e.g., enable auditing of data and/or uses of data        from acquisition and for each touchpoint).    -   Etc.

As one illustration, assume that a data subject (e.g., consumerassociated with a device) downloads a photo editing application and usesthe application to edit a photo on the device. Here, the applicationcaptures a copy of the photo, an edited copy of the photo, and dataregarding the event (e.g., metadata including geolocation indicatingwhere the photo was taken, a time edits were made, the type of editsmade, etc.). In this illustration, the contextual information mayinclude function data indicating that the data (e.g., copy of photo,edited copy of photo, and data regarding the event) were captured forInternal Operations (IOP), such as product/service fulfillment, safetyand security fraud, marketing, etc. Further, the contextual informationmay include authority data indicating that the laws/rules/regulationsset forth by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are applicable to thedata. Moreover, the contextual information may include control dataindicating that the data is exempt from controls since the applicationis not required to inform the data subject about the data being captured(e.g., assume the data acquired for IOP is essential to the consumer'srequest or action initiated by the consumer). In addition, thecontextual information may include class data indicating that the datais protected personal information that is linked to the data subject.Furthermore, the contextual information may include history dataindicating information about how the data was captured (e.g., a time thedata was captured, the data subject initiated capture of the data (byediting the photo), etc.), any actions that actions that the data hasbeen involved with (none at this point), who initiated the actions thatthe data has been involved with, and so on.

The response processing module 210 may provide guidance regardingdata-handling or a command. In some instances, encountering a triggerevent or condition that requires a transformation may cause a command tobe sent to the transform module 212 to initiate processing for thatevent or condition (e.g., initiate a transformation of data) before rulelogic is identified in by the rule logic module 214. The responseprocessing module 210 may generally receive a request from a requestor,determine a response to the request, and/or send the response to therequestor. In some instances, a request may specify a particular actionor type of action that will be performed with the data or that has beenperformed with the data. The action or type of action may includeaccessing, storing, manipulating, sharing (e.g., making publiclyavailable, making available to a party, etc.), publishing, analyzing,archiving, marketing, targeting, selling, destroying, transforming, orany other use. As one example, a requestor may ask if it is alright touse data for marketing a new product to data subjects. As anotherexample, a request may ask for data-handling requirements that apply todata. To illustrate, a company seeking to acquire cellular network datamay request rules that apply to handling cellphone data to figure outlatency rates on average for consumers' data service interactions withthe company's first party mobile app. As a further example, a requestmay ask for a history of what has occurred to data for a specific pointin time or since originally acquired. Further, in some instances arequest may specify an entity involved in taking an action or type ofaction with data (e.g., an entity that will perform or has performed theaction with the data). As such, a request may specify variousinformation, such as data involved, an action or type of action involvedwith data, entities involved in an action or type of action, and so on.

To determine a response, the response processing module 210 may retrievecontextual information associated with data identified in a request. Theresponse processing module 210 may also analyze information included ina request (e.g., an action or type of action being requested, an entityinvolved, etc.) and/or rule logic stored in the rules logic data store218. In some instances, the response processing module 210 may operatein cooperation with the rule logic module 214, which may access and/orevaluate rule logic. The rule logic may identify data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the request. The response processingmodule 210 may then determine new contextual information that isrelevant to the request based on the current contextual information thatis associated with the data, data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request, an action or type of action being taken, anentity involved in performing the action or type of action, and so on.The response processing module 210 may then determine a response to therequest based on the current contextual information, the new contextualinformation that is relevant to the request, data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to the request, an action or type of action beingtaken, an entity involved in performing the action or type of action,and so on. The response processing module 210 may provide the responseto the requestor (e.g., in an electronic format). In some instances, ifan action or type of action identified in a request is performed, thecontextual generation module 208 may update contextual information toreflect performance of the action or type of action. For example, datamay be associated with new contextual information that was determinedfor the request. This may include updating history data (or any otherpieces of the contextual information) to reflect performance of theaction or type of action and/or new data-handling requirements that arenow applicable to the data (which may, in some instances, be processedin the transformation module 212).

A response may provide various guidance to a request. Exampleinformation in a response may include an action or type of action thatcan be performed in view of a data-handling requirement, a task thatneeds to be performed so that a requested action or type of action canbe performed (e.g., sanitize the data or otherwise transform the data),whether or not a particular action or type of action can be performed(e.g., whether or not data subject purchasing history can be used tomarket a product in the particular situation described in a request), adata-handling requirement that applies to a situation (e.g., FCCregulations apply), a history of data (e.g., how it has been used,transformed, etc.), and so on. In some instances, a response regardinghistory of data may provide details mentioned in history data for theassociated contextual information (e.g., the history data 232).

In one illustration, assume a company sends a request regarding whetheror not geolocation data can be used to send advertisements to datasubjects. Here, the response processing module 210 (which may operate incooperation with the rule logic module 214) may identify contextualinformation for the geolocation data and identify (based on thecontextual information) rule logic that is applicable to using thegeolocation data to send advertisements. The rule logic may identifydata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request. Theresponse processing module 210 may also identify an entity involved insending the advertisements, namely the company. Further, the responseprocessing module 210 may determine new contextual information that isapplicable to the request. The response processing module 210 may thenformulate a response based on the contextual information, the newcontextual information, the data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request, an action or type of action being taken(e.g., sending advertisements), and/or an entity involved in performingthe action or type of action (e.g., the company). The response may beprovided to the company. Here, the response may indicate whether or notthe geolocation data may be used to send advertisements.

In some instances, the response processing module 210 may provideguidance regarding data-handling in other situations besides a requestand response context. For example, if a requestor operating a clientdevice selects data to be exported from an environment (e.g., selectscontent stored in a company server to be attached in an email), theresponse processing module 210 may detect such action and trigger ananalysis of such action. In particular, the response processing module210 may determine whether the data can be exported based on contextualinformation associated with the data and/or data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to such export. Then, the response processing module210 may send information regarding the handling of the data. Here, apop-up window may be displayed on the requestor' s client device toindicate whether or not the data can be exported and/or what tasksshould be performed so that such export may occur.

The transformation module 212 may transform data from one form toanother form. Such transformation may include sanitizing (anonymizing)data to remove personal identifying information from the data eitherpermanently or temporarily, converting telemetry data to profile data,or otherwise converting data from one type to another type. Personalinformation may include any information that is linkable to a particulardata subject or device, such as a name, email address, logininformation, unique id, etc. When data is transformed, the associatedcontextual information may be updated to reflect the transform. In someinstances, a transform is performed to facilitate a request for usingdata. To illustrate, if a request is received regarding use of data formarketing, and it is determined that the data needs to be sanitizedprior to such use, the transformation module 212 may sanitize the datawhen providing a response and/or at a later time in response to inputfrom a data subject to sanitize the data.

The rule logic module 214 may manage and/or evaluate rule logic storedin the rules logic data store 218 and/or data-handling requirementsstored in the data-handling requirements data store 220. For example,the rule logic module 214 may evaluate rule logic for other modules.Data-handling requirements (sometimes referred to as compliance rules ordecisioning logic) generally represent the obligations and/or exemptionson data derived from applicable policy in context of the action(s)taken. Data-handling requirements may be derived by the rule logicmodule 214 from regulations, standards (e.g., technical standards,business standards, etc.), laws, rules (e.g., enacted by an agency ororganization, etc.), internal policies, contractual obligations,business decisions (e.g., contractual obligations between companies),privacy obligations, security requirements, procedures or practices(e.g., generally accepted industry practices), and so on. Rule logic maydefine logic regarding data-handling requirements. For example, rulelogic may define which data-handling requirement to apply, whichdata-handling requirement to apply first, which data-handlingrequirement takes precedence (e.g., when there are competingdata-handling requirements), how to apply a data-handling requirement,and so on. In some instances, rule logic may be specified by anindividual or group of individuals, such as individuals selected from alegal department, a security and privacy department, a marketingdepartment, and so on. In other instances, rule logic is generatedautomatically. As such, data-handling requirements may be converted intorule and/or decisioning logic.

In some instances, the rule logic module 214 may monitor rule logicand/or data-handling requirements to detect changes to the rule logicand/or data-handling requirements (e.g., from policy or rule makers). Ifa change is detected, the rule logic module 214 may send a notificationto an entity, such as an entity that is relying on guidance from theservice provider 102, an entity that previously received a response fromthe service provider 102, etc. The notification may indicate that achange has occurred to rule logic and/or a data-handling requirement.The notification may additionally, or alternatively, indicate whether ornot a current handling of data is in compliance with the change to therule logic and/or data-handling requirement.

Additionally, or alternatively, in some instances the rule logic module214 (as well as the response processing module 210 and/or thetransformation module 212) may identify anomalies that occur due toincorrect rule logic and/or data-handling requirements (e.g., mutuallyexclusive rule logic). For example, assume a response to a first requestincorrectly indicates that personal data can be used for marketingpurposes and a response to a second request correctly indicates thatpersonal data needs to be anonymized before it is used for marketingpurposes. If both responses were determined based on the same rule logic(which somehow came up with different answers), the rule logic module214 may determine an anomaly and alert an administrator or otherindividual to check the rule logic. In some instances, the rule logicmodule 214 may automatically resolve conflicts using conflict resolutionrules.

In some instances, the service provider 102 may maintain integrityand/or confidentiality of data and/or metadata. For example, the rulelogic module 214 may check if rules are tampered with (e.g., viasignature checks) and/or may provide decryption keys to a request fordata that is encrypted if specific conditions are met.

Although the modules 208-214 and the data stores 216-222 are illustratedas being included within the service provider 102 any of the modules208-214 and the data stores 216-222 may be included elsewhere. Forexample, any of the modules 208-214 and/or the data stores 216-222 maybe included in the data source 104 and/or the requestor 106 of FIG. 1.As such, in some instances the service provider 104 may be eliminated.

In some instances, the service provider 102 may employ any of themodules 208-214 and/or the data stores 216-222 to implement datacompliance platforms. A data compliance platform may be associated witha predefined set of rule logic and data-handling requirements to providecommands or guidance regarding a particular context. For example, a datacompliance platform may be tailored to Critical InfrastructureInformation (CII) by including rule logic and/or data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to CII, while another data complianceplatform may be tailored to Qualified Internal Operations (IOP) (orCommercial Data Practices (CDP) and non-qualified-IOP). In someinstances, data may be converted to be implemented in different datacompliance platforms. Further, in some instances a data complianceplatform may inform or act as a gatekeeper to grant or deny access todata (e.g., based on credentials that are provided by a requestor).Although the gatekeeper is discussed in the context of a data complianceplatform, the service provider 102 may operate as a gatekeeper in anyother context. Data compliance platforms may provide a variety ofadvantages. For example, data compliance platforms may physicallyisolate different contexts from each other and/or virtually enable aspecific service to be provided for a particular context. To illustrate,a first data compliance platform for a first industry may be offered(e.g., as a paid subscription) to customers of the first industry, whilea second data compliance platform for a second industry may be offeredto customers of the second industry. Additionally, a third complianceplatform may be offered for a particular collaborative context in whicha first industry and a second industry share data and/or processing.

Example Processes

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate example processes 300 and 400 for employing thetechniques described herein. For ease of illustration the processes 300and 400 are described as being performed in the architecture 100 ofFIG. 1. For example, one or more of the individual operations of theprocesses 300 and 400 may be performed by the service provider 102, thedata source 104, and/or the requestor 106. However, the processes 300and 400 may be performed in other architectures. Moreover, thearchitecture 100 may be used to perform other processes.

The processes 300 and 400 (as well as each process described herein) areillustrated as a logical flow graph, each operation of which representsa sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, software,or a combination thereof. In the context of software, the operationsrepresent computer-executable instructions stored on one or morecomputer-readable media that, when executed by one or more processors,configure the one or more processors to perform the recited operations.Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs,objects, components, data structures, and the like that performparticular functions or implement particular abstract data types. Theorder in which the operations are described is not intended to beconstrued as a limitation, and any number of the described operationscan be combined in any order and/or in parallel to implement theprocess. Further, any of the individual operations may be omitted.

FIG. 3 illustrates the example process 300 to determine contextualinformation regarding handling of data and associate the contextualinformation with the data.

At 302, a computing device may receive data. This may include retrievingdata from a data store, receiving data from a data source, receivingdata from another device or component, and so on.

At 304, the computing device may determine contextual information forthe data. The contextual information may include function dataindicating an action or a type of action for which the data wasacquired, authority data indicating a jurisdiction, authority, law,regulation, rule, standard, industry practice, or industry procedurethat is applicable to the data, control data indicating a control on thedata, class data indicating a class into which the data is covered,and/or history data indicating actions that the data has been involvedwith, who initiated the actions that the data has been involved with,how the data was acquired, or how the data has changed overtime. In someinstances, operation 304 may include identifying a data subject of thedata, an entity involved in acquiring the data, a technology that wasused to acquire the data, data-handling requirements that are applicableto the data, and so on.

At 306, the computing device may associate the contextual informationwith the data. This may include tagging the data with the contextualinformation, associating a pointer or other information with the datapointing to the contextual information, and so on. In some instances,operation 306 may include adding a timestamp indicating a time that thecontextual information was associated with the data (e.g., a time thatthe contextual information was determined).

At 308, the computing device may store the contextual information and/orthe data. The contextual information and/or the data may be storedseparately or together at the computing device or another device.

FIG. 4 illustrates the example process 400 to respond to a request forinformation regarding handling of data.

At 402, a computing device may receive a request from a requestorregarding handling of data. In some instances, the request may specify aparticular action or type of action that will be performed with the dataor has been performed with the data. An action or type of action mayinclude accessing, storing, manipulating, sharing, publishing,analyzing, archiving, marketing, targeting, selling, destroying,transforming, and so on. Further, in some instances the request mayspecify an entity involved in performing the action or type of action, adata subject, etc.

At 404, the computing device may retrieve contextual information. Thismay include identifying metadata tags associated with the data for thecontextual information, retrieving the contextual information from adata store, and so on.

At 406, the computing device may determine a response to the requestbased on the contextual information, updated contextual information,and/or one or more data-handling requirements that are applicable to therequest. The determination may additionally, or alternatively, be basedon an action or type of action being taken, an entity involved inperforming the action or type of action, and so on. In some instances,the updated contextual information may comprise the contextualinformation that is updated to reflect performance of an action or typeof action in the request. The response may indicate, for example,whether or not a particular action or type of action can be performed inview of one or more data-handling requirements that are applicable tothe request, a task that needs to be performed to enable a particularaction or type of action to be performed with the data (e.g.,transforming the data, obtaining consent/authorization for performing anaction that involves the data, etc.), any action or type of action thatcan be performed with the data in view of one or more data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the data, one or more data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the data, a history of the data(e.g., based on history data included within the contextualinformation), and so on.

At 408, the computing device may provide the response to the requestor.This may include sending the response over a network, causing theresponse to be output via a User Interface (UI), and so on.

At 410, the computing device may transform the data. This may includetransforming the data from one form to another form to comply with oneor more data-handling requirements that are applicable to a request. Asone example, the data may be transformed by sanitizing the data. In someinstances, operation 410 is performed in response to receiving aninstruction (e.g., requestor input, instruction from an application,etc.) to perform a transform, so that the data can be used for aparticular purpose, such as an action identified in a request. In otherinstances, operation 410 is performed automatically as part of providingthe response. In yet other instances, the data may not be transformedand operation 410 may be omitted.

At 412, the computing device may determine that an action or type ofaction has been performed. As one example, the computing device maydetermine that an action or type of action identified in a request hasbeen performed.

At 414, the computing device may update the contextual information toreflect performance of an action and/or transformation of the data. Forexample, in response to determining that a particular action or type ofaction has been performed with the data, the computing device may updatethe contextual information to reflect the performance of the particularaction or type of action. As another example, in response totransforming data, the computing device may update the contextualinformation to reflect the transformation.

Example Clauses

Example A, a method comprising: receiving data that has been acquired;determining, by a computing device, contextual information regardingdata-handling of the data, the contextual information including at leasttwo of: function data indicating an action or a type of action for whichthe data was acquired; authority data indicating at least one of ajurisdiction or authority that is applicable to the data, a law that isapplicable to the data, a regulation that is applicable to the data, arule that is applicable to the data, a standard that is applicable tothe data, or an industry practice or procedure that is applicable to thedata; control data indicating at least one of a control on the data thatis set for a device, a control on the data that is set by or on behalfof a data subject, a control on the data that is set by an entity, acontrol regarding a data-handling requirement for the data, a controlregarding security or privacy of the data, a control regarding consentfor the data, a choice mechanism control regarding a manner of obtainingthe consent, or a choice control regarding a right to object to use ofthe data; class data indicating at least one of a class related to adata authority, a class related to the data subject or a deviceassociated with the data subject, a class regarding whether or not thedata is sanitized or aggregated, a class related to protected businessinformation, or a class related to national security, a class related toprotection of Critical Infrastructure, or a class related to publichealth or safety; or history data indicating at least one of actionsthat the data has been involved with, who initiated the actions that thedata has been involved with, how the data was acquired, or how the datahas changed overtime; tagging the data with the contextual information;receiving, by the computing device and from a requestor, a requestregarding data-handling of the data; determining, by the computingdevice, a response to the request based at least in part on thecontextual information and one or more data-handling requirements thatare applicable to the request; providing, by the computing device, theresponse to the requestor; determining, by the computing device, that aparticular action or type of action has been performed with the data;and updating, by the computing device, the contextual information toreflect performance of the particular action or type of action.

Example B, the method of Example A, wherein the request requestsinformation regarding performance of the particular action or type ofaction with the data.

Example C, the method of any of Examples A or B, further comprising:determining an entity that has or will initiate the particular action ortype of action; wherein the determining the response includesdetermining the response based at least in part on the entity that hasor will initiate the particular action or type of action with the data.

Example D, the method of any of Examples A-C, further comprising:determining updated contextual information regarding performance of theparticular action or type of action based at least in part on the entitythat has or will initiate the particular action or type of action withthe data, the contextual information, and the one or more data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the request; wherein the updatingthe contextual information includes updating the contextual informationwith the updated contextual information.

Example E, the method of any of Examples A-D, wherein the updatedcontextual information includes at least two of: function dataindicating an action or a type of action that is or will be performedwith the data in view of the performance of the particular action typeof action; authority data indicating at least one of a jurisdiction orauthority that is applicable to the data in view of performance of theparticular action or type of action, a law that is applicable to thedata in view of performance of the particular action or type of action,a regulation that is applicable to the data in view of performance ofthe particular action or type of action, a rule that is applicable tothe data in view of performance of the particular action or type ofaction, a standard that is applicable to the data in view of performanceof the particular action or type of action, or an industry practice orprocedure that is applicable to the data in view of performance of theparticular action or type of action; control data indicating a controlon the data in view of performance of the particular action or type ofaction; class data indicating a class into which the data is classifiedin view of performance of the particular action or type of action; orhistory data indicating that the data has been involved with theparticular action or type of action.

Example F, a system comprising: one or more processors; and memorycommunicatively coupled to the one or more processors and storingexecutable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform operationscomprising: identifying data; determining contextual informationregarding handling of the data, the contextual information including atleast two of: function data indicating an action or a type of action forwhich the data was acquired; authority data indicating at least one of ajurisdiction or authority that is applicable to the data, a law that isapplicable to the data, a regulation that is applicable to the data, arule that is applicable to the data, a standard that is applicable tothe data, or an industry practice or procedure that is applicable to thedata; control data indicating a control on the data; class dataindicating at least one of a class for the authority data for the data,a class for a data subject to which the data is linked, a classregarding whether or not the data is sanitized or aggregated, or a classfor a technology that was used to acquire the data; or history dataindicating at least one of actions that the data has been involved with,who initiated the actions that the data has been involved with, how thedata was acquired, or how the data has changed overtime; receiving, froma requestor, a request regarding data-handling of the data; determininga response to the request based at least in part on the contextualinformation and one or more data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request; and sending the response to the requestor.

Example G, the system of Example F, wherein the operations furthercomprise: associating the contextual information with the data.

Example H, the system of any of Examples F or G, wherein the requestspecifies a particular action or type of action that will be performedwith the data or has been performed with the data, the particular actionor type of action including at least one of accessing, storing,manipulating, sharing, publishing, analyzing, archiving, marketing,targeting, selling, destroying, or transforming.

Example I, the system of any of Examples F-H, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: determining an entity that has or will initiate theparticular action or type of action with the data; wherein thedetermining the response includes determining the response based atleast in part on the entity that has or will initiate the particularaction or type of action with the data, the response indicating at leastone of: whether or not the particular action or type of action can beperformed in view of one or more data-handling requirements; or a taskthat needs to be performed to enable the particular action or type ofaction to be performed with the data, the task comprising at least oneof transforming the data from one form to another form or obtainingauthorization for performing the particular action or type of actionwith the data.

Example J, the system of any of Examples F-I, wherein the responseindicates at least one of: the action or type of action for which thedata was acquired; the one or more data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request; or information that is based on the historydata included within the contextual information for the data.

Example K, the system of any of Examples F-J, wherein the operationsfurther comprising: causing the data to be transformed from one form toanother form to comply with the one or more data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to the request.

Example L, the system of any of Examples F-K, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: determining that a particular action or type of actionhas been performed with the data; and updating the contextualinformation to reflect performance of the particular action or type ofaction.

Example M, the system of any of Examples F-L, wherein the updatedcontextual information includes at least two of: function dataindicating an action or a type of action performed with the data in viewof performance of the particular action or type of action; authoritydata indicating at least one of a jurisdiction or authority that isapplicable to the data in view of performance of the particular actionor type of action, a law that is applicable to the data in view ofperformance of the particular action or type of action, a regulationthat is applicable to the data in view of performance of the particularaction or type of action, a rule that is applicable to the data in viewof performance of the particular action or type of action, a standardthat is applicable to the data in view of performance of the particularaction or type of action, or an industry practice or procedure that isapplicable to the data in view of performance of the particular actionor type of action; control data indicating a control on the data in viewof performance of the particular action or type of action; class dataindicating an information class into which the data is covered in viewof performance of the particular action or type of action; or historydata indicating that the data has been involved with the particularaction or type of action.

Example N, one or more computer-readable storage media storingcomputer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform acts comprising:receiving, from a requestor, a request regarding data-handling of data;retrieving contextual information regarding handling of the data;determining an entity that has or will initiate the data-handling of thedata; determining a response to the request based at least in part onthe contextual information and the entity that has or will initiate thedata-handling of the data, the response indicating at least one of: anaction or type of action for which the data was acquired; whether or notthe data-handling indicated in the request can be performed by theentity with the data in view of one or more data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to the request; a task that needs to be performed toenable the data-handling to be performed by the entity with the data tocomply with the one or more data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request; or the one or more data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to the request; and sending the response to therequestor.

Example O, the one or more computer-readable storage media of Example N,wherein the contextual information includes at least two of: functiondata indicating the action or the type of action for which the data wasacquired; authority data indicating at least one of a jurisdiction orauthority that is applicable to the data, a law that is applicable tothe data, a regulation that is applicable to the data, a rule that isapplicable to the data, a standard that is applicable to the data, or anindustry practice or procedure that is applicable to the data; controldata indicating a control on the data; class data indicating aninformation class associated with the data; or history data indicatingat least one of actions that the data has been involved with, whoinitiated the actions that the data has been involved with, how the datawas acquired, or how the data has changed overtime.

Example P, the one or more computer-readable storage media of any ofExamples N or 0, wherein the operations further comprising: causing thedata to be transformed from one form to another form to comply with theone or more data-handling requirements that are applicable to therequest; and updating the contextual information to reflect thetransformation of the data from the one form to the other form.

Example Q, the one or more computer-readable storage media of any ofExamples N-P, wherein the operations further comprise: determining thata particular action or type of action has been performed with the data;and updating the contextual information to reflect performance of theparticular action or type of action.

Example R, the one or more computer-readable storage media of any ofExamples N-Q, wherein the updating the contextual information comprisesupdating history data included in the contextual information to indicatethat the particular action or type of action was performed.

Example S, the one or more computer-readable storage media of any ofExamples N-R, wherein the request comprises at least one of a requestregarding a future use of the data, a request regarding a previous useof the data, or a request regarding what data-handling requirementsapply to the data.

Example T, the one or more computer-readable storage media of any ofExamples N-S, wherein the action or type of action includes at least oneof accessing, storing, manipulating, sharing, publishing, analyzing,archiving, marketing, targeting, selling, destroying, or transforming

Although embodiments have been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the specific featuresor acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosedherein as illustrative forms of implementing the embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving data that has beenacquired; determining, by a computing device, contextual informationregarding data-handling of the data, the contextual informationincluding at least two of: function data indicating an action or a typeof action for which the data was acquired; authority data indicating atleast one of a jurisdiction or authority that is applicable to the data,a law that is applicable to the data, a regulation that is applicable tothe data, a rule that is applicable to the data, a standard that isapplicable to the data, or an industry practice or procedure that isapplicable to the data; control data indicating at least one of acontrol on the data that is set for a device, a control on the data thatis set by or on behalf of a data subject, a control on the data that isset by an entity, a control regarding a data-handling requirement forthe data, a control regarding security or privacy of the data, a controlregarding consent for the data, a choice mechanism control regarding amanner of obtaining the consent, or a choice control regarding a rightto object to use of the data; class data indicating at least one of aclass related to a data authority, a class related to the data subjector a device associated with the data subject, a class regarding whetheror not the data is sanitized or aggregated, a class related to protectedbusiness information, a class related to national security, a classrelated to protection of Critical Infrastructure, or a class related topublic health or safety; or history data indicating at least one ofactions that the data has been involved with, who initiated actions thatthe data has been involved with, how the data was acquired, or how thedata has changed overtime; tagging the data with the contextualinformation; receiving, by the computing device and from a requestor, arequest regarding data-handling of the data, the data-handling includingstoring, manipulating, sharing, analyzing, or other use of the data;determining, by the computing device, a response to the request based atleast in part on the contextual information and one or moredata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request, theresponse providing guidance on handling the data while complying withthe one or more data-handling requirements that are applicable to thedata or the request, the response indicating: whether the data-handlingindicated in the request can be performed with the data in view of theone or more data-handling requirements that are applicable to therequest; or a task that needs to be performed to enable thedata-handling to be performed with the data to comply with the one ormore data-handling requirements that are applicable to the request;providing, by the computing device, the response to the requestor;determining, by the computing device, that a particular action or typeof action has been performed with the data; and updating, by thecomputing device, the contextual information to reflect performance ofthe particular action or type of action.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the requestor requests information regarding performance of aparticular action or type of action with the data.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, further comprising: determining an entity that has or willinitiate the particular action or type of action; wherein thedetermining the response includes determining the response based atleast in part on the entity that has or will initiate the particularaction or type of action with the data.
 4. The method of claim 3,further comprising: determining updated contextual information regardingperformance of the particular action or type of action based at least inpart on the entity that has or will initiate the particular action ortype of action with the data, the contextual information, and the one ormore data-handling requirements that are applicable to the request;wherein the updating the contextual information includes updating thecontextual information with the updated contextual information.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the updated contextual information includesat least two of: function data indicating an action or a type of actionthat is or will be performed with the data in view of the performance ofthe particular action or type of action; authority data indicating atleast one of a jurisdiction or authority that is applicable to the datain view of performance of the particular action or type of action, a lawthat is applicable to the data in view of performance of the particularaction or type of action, a regulation that is applicable to the data inview of performance of the particular action or type of action, a rulethat is applicable to the data in view of performance of the particularaction or type of action, a standard that is applicable to the data inview of performance of the particular action or type of action, or anindustry practice or procedure that is applicable to the data in view ofperformance of the particular action or type of action; control dataindicating a control on the data in view of performance of theparticular action or type of action; class data indicating a class intowhich the data is classified in view of performance of the particularaction or type of action; or history data indicating that the data hasbeen involved with the particular action or type of action.
 6. A systemcomprising: one or more processors; and memory communicatively coupledto the one or more processors and storing executable instructions that,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or moreprocessors to perform operations comprising: identifying data;determining contextual information regarding handling of the data, thecontextual information including at least two of: function dataindicating an action or a type of action for which the data wasacquired; authority data indicating at least one of a jurisdiction orauthority that is applicable to the data, a law that is applicable tothe data, a regulation that is applicable to the data, a rule that isapplicable to the data, a standard that is applicable to the data, or anindustry practice or procedure that is applicable to the data; controldata indicating a control on the data; class data indicating at leastone of a class for the authority data for the data, a class for a datasubject to which the data is linked, a class regarding whether or notthe data is sanitized or aggregated, or a class for a technology thatwas used to acquire the data; or history data indicating at least one ofactions that the data has been involved with, who initiated actions thatthe data has been involved with, how the data was acquired, or how thedata has changed overtime; receiving, from a requestor, a requestregarding data-handling of the data, the data-handling includingstoring, manipulating, sharing, analyzing, or other use of the data;determining a response to the request based at least in part on thecontextual information and one or more data-handling requirements thatare applicable to the request, the response providing guidance onhandling the data while complying with the one or more data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the data or the request, theresponse indicating: whether the data-handling indicated in the requestcan be performed with the data in view of the one or more data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the request; or a task that needs tobe performed to enable the data-handling to be performed with the datato comply with the one or more data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request; and sending the response to the requestor. 7.The system of claim 6, wherein the operations further comprise:associating the contextual information with the data.
 8. The system ofclaim 6, wherein the request specifies a particular action or type ofaction that will be performed with the data or has been performed withthe data, the particular action or type of action including at least oneof accessing, storing, manipulating, sharing, publishing, analyzing,archiving, marketing, targeting, selling, destroying, or transforming.9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise:determining an entity that has or will initiate the particular action ortype of action with the data; wherein the determining the responseincludes determining the response based at least in part on the entitythat has or will initiate the particular action or type of action withthe data, the response indicating at least one of: whether or not theparticular action or type of action can be performed in view of one ormore data-handling requirements; or a task that needs to be performed toenable the particular action or type of action to be performed with thedata, the task comprising at least one of transforming the data from oneform to another form or obtaining authorization for performing theparticular action or type of action with the data.
 10. The system ofclaim 6, wherein the response indicates at least one of: the action ortype of action for which the data was acquired; the one or moredata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request; orinformation that is based on the history data included within thecontextual information for the data.
 11. The system of claim 6, whereinthe operations further comprising: causing the data to be transformedfrom one form to another form to comply with the one or moredata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request.
 12. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the operations further comprise: determiningthat a particular action or type of action has been performed with thedata; and updating the contextual information to reflect performance ofthe particular action or type of action.
 13. The system of claim 12,wherein the updated contextual information includes at least two of:function data indicating an action or a type of action performed withthe data in view of performance of the particular action or type ofaction; authority data indicating at least one of a jurisdiction orauthority that is applicable to the data in view of performance of theparticular action or type of action, a law that is applicable to thedata in view of performance of the particular action or type of action,a regulation that is applicable to the data in view of performance ofthe particular action or type of action, a rule that is applicable tothe data in view of performance of the particular action or type ofaction, a standard that is applicable to the data in view of performanceof the particular action or type of action, or an industry practice orprocedure that is applicable to the data in view of performance of theparticular action or type of action; control data indicating a controlon the data in view of performance of the particular action or type ofaction; class data indicating an information class into which the datais covered in view of performance of the particular action or type ofaction; or history data indicating that the data has been involved withthe particular action or type of action.
 14. One or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructionsthat, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or moreprocessors to perform operations comprising: receiving, from arequestor, a request regarding data-handling of data, the data-handlingincluding storing, manipulating, sharing, analyzing, or other use of thedata; retrieving contextual information regarding handling of the data;determining an entity that has or will initiate the data-handling of thedata; determining a response to the request based at least in part onthe contextual information and the entity that has or will initiate thedata-handling of the data, the response providing guidance on handlingthe data while complying with one or more data-handling requirementsthat are applicable to the data or the request, the response indicatingat least one of: an action or type of action for which the data wasacquired; whether or not the data-handling indicated in the request canbe performed by the entity with the data in view of one or moredata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request; a taskthat needs to be performed to enable the data-handling to be performedby the entity with the data to comply with the one or more data-handlingrequirements that are applicable to the request; or the one or moredata-handling requirements that are applicable to the request; andsending the response to the requestor.
 15. The one or morecomputer-readable storage media of claim 14, wherein the contextualinformation includes at least two of: function data indicating theaction or the type of action for which the data was acquired; authoritydata indicating at least one of a jurisdiction or authority that isapplicable to the data, a law that is applicable to the data, aregulation that is applicable to the data, a rule that is applicable tothe data, a standard that is applicable to the data, or an industrypractice or procedure that is applicable to the data; control dataindicating a control on the data; class data indicating an informationclass associated with the data; or history data indicating at least oneof actions that the data has been involved with, who initiated actionsthat the data has been involved with, how the data was acquired, or howthe data has changed overtime.
 16. The one or more computer-readablestorage media of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise:causing the data to be transformed from one form to another form tocomply with the one or more data-handling requirements that areapplicable to the request; and updating the contextual information toreflect the transformation of the data from the one form to the otherform.
 17. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 14,wherein the operations further comprise: determining that a particularaction or type of action has been performed with the data; and updatingthe contextual information to reflect performance of the particularaction or type of action.
 18. The one or more computer-readable storagemedia of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise updating thecontextual information by updating history data included in thecontextual information to indicate that a particular action or type ofaction was performed.
 19. The one or more computer-readable storagemedia of claim 14, wherein the request comprises at least one of arequest regarding a future use of the data, a request regarding aprevious use of the data, or a request regarding what data-handlingrequirements apply to the data.
 20. The one or more computer-readablestorage media of claim 14, wherein the action or type of action includesat least one of accessing, storing, manipulating, sharing, publishing,analyzing, archiving, marketing, targeting, selling, destroying, ortransforming.